What is meant by financial services

Financial services in today’s society has become more than what a high street bank can offer you from behind a counter. It has become a diverse functional area within any economically adequate society. Throughout this essay I have tried to grasp the main concepts concerning Financial Services and condense them into an essay of relatively minor proportions in comparison to the subject matter. I hope I can give you, the reader an insight into the world of financial services in all its diversity. So what is meant by â€Å"financial services†. To be honest there is no straightforward definition such is the spread of financial services across the business spectrum. We can however dam different organisation under the heading of financial services to give you an idea of what financial service intails. Financial service is understood to include â€Å"banking, insurance, building societies, stock brooking and investment services†. These are the 5 main areas described by Brian Anderton in his 1995 book â€Å"current issues in financial services†. Brian also found it difficult to pinpoint a definitive meaning and found it easier to list organisation associated. Going in to detail when concerning the institution aids in creating a further understanding of financial services yourself. Of the main financial institutions banks are the most common. Banks can be either â€Å"commercial† or â€Å"merchant†. Dealing with retail and investment respectively. Commercial banks are easily found on the high street and rely on deposits from ordinary people. There is very little interest paid to their savings accounts however savers can borrow sums of money from the banks from which the banks make profit from interest on the loan. Merchant banking is slightly more complicated when dealing with finances and in my opinion is more exciting. Merchant banks arrange finance deals and charge for this service. This investing is slightly risky and less straightforward. However the profit rewards outweigh the timescale and effort needed to invest. Investment institutions such as pensions and insurance companies again take the liquid earnings of their clients and invest them in a wide range of profit making investments. Payment to these companies often takes the form of monthly payments taken by debit from wages. These companies give clients a sense of security, and in the claim free years to come, the chance of a large windfall payment. Large investment institution deals with modern day trading, the trading of assets and debt. It is not fast companies that trade but individual people. In this hectic rat race people and institutions stand to loose and gain huge amounts of money. Due to the uncertain nature of this trade, people and institutions are extremely keen to lend as this is seen as a stable funds reclaim if it becomes necessary to do so. The textbook definition for GDP- across domestic product is the total value of all the goods and services produced by the residents in this country. The fact that the financial sector and service sectors are growing is in no doubt, neither is the quite mind blowing increase in gross domestic product from years 1952 – 1992. An overall increase of 21% of EDP from ?381m in 1952 to ?121704m in 1992 this growth is nothing less than remarkable. This forty-year spell has seen such a huge financial success in terms of the sheer man of profit gain that the reasons for FS contributing so greatly to the GDP must be assessed. In the past Britain could be seen as a true industrialist profits made and traded through visible earnings such as machinery and farm produce. However the rise in strength of nation such as the US and major Asian powers, with their seemingly endless resources has seen the death of Britain the industrial workhorse. On this level Britain could have remained at a financial and trading standstill. Not so however Britain has found its new market – the financial market. And with an educational population Britain set about resurrecting the countries profit making ability through invisible earning of finance matters. The idea of visible and invisible earnings is extremely important to Britains economy. So let me explain that apart from obvious differences between visible and invisible.

Modernization of Gambling Games in Philippines

any interactive game operated by computer circuitry. The machines, or â€Å"platforms,† on which electronic games are played include general-purpose shared and personal computers, arcade consoles, video consoles connected to home television sets, and handheld game machines. The term video game can be used to represent the totality of these formats, or it can refer more specifically only to games played on devices with video displays: television and arcade consoles Forms of online gambling The Internet has made way for new types of gambling to form online.The recent improvements in technology have once again changed betting habits just as Video Lottery Terminal, keno and Scratchcards changed the gambling industry in the early 20th century. Internet gambling has become one of the most popular and lucrative business present on the Internet. In 2007 the gambling commission stated that the gambling industry achieved a turnover of over  £84 billion according to the UK Gambling Com mission. This is partly due to the wide range of gambling options that are available to facilitate many different types of people. [3] [edit]Poker Main article: Online pokerOnline poker tables commonly offer Texas hold 'em, Omaha, Seven-card stud, razz, HORSE and other game types in both tournament and ring game structures. Players play against each other rather than the â€Å"house†, with the card room making its money through â€Å"rake† and through tournament fees. [edit]Casinos Main article: Online casino There are a large number of online casinos in which people can play casino games such as roulette, blackjack, pachinko, baccarat and many others.These games are played against the â€Å"house† which makes money due to the fact that the odds are in its favor. edit]Sports betting Main article: Sports betting Sports betting is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a wager on the outcome. [edit]Bingo Main article: Online bingo Online bingo is th e game of bingo (US|non-US) played on the Internet. [edit]Lotteries Main article: Online lottery Most lotteries are run by governments and are heavily protected from competition due to their ability to generate large taxable cash flows. The first online lotteries were run by private individuals or companies and licensed to operate by small countries.Most private online lotteries have stopped trading as governments have passed new laws giving themselves and their own lotteries greater protection. Government controlled lotteries now offer their games online. [edit]UK National Lottery The UK National Lottery started in 1994 and is operated by the Camelot Group. Around 70% of UK adults play the National Lottery regularly, making the average annual sales over  £5 billion apart from the year 2000-01 where sales dropped just below that. In its first 17 years it has created over 2,800 millionaires. [4] In 2002 Camelot decided to rebrand the National Lottery main draw after falling ticket sales.The name National Lottery was kept as the general name for the organisation and the main draw was renamed Lotto. The advertising campaign for the new Lotto cost  £72 Million which included 10 television advertisements featuring Scottish comedian Billy Connolly and one of the largest ever poster campaigns. The new brand and name had the slogan: â€Å"Don't live a little, live a Lotto†[5] [edit]Horse racing betting Horse racing betting comprises a significant percentage of online gambling wagers and all major Internet bookmakers, betting exchanges, and sports books offer a wide variety of horse racing betting markets [edit]Mobile gamblingMain article: Mobile gambling Mobile gambling refers to playing games of chance or skill for money by using a remote device such as a tablet computer, smartphone or a mobile phone with a wireless internet connection. [edit]In-Play gambling In-Play gambling is a feature on many online sports betting websites that allows the user to bet w hile the event is in progress. A benefit of live in-play gambling is that there are much more markets. For example, in Association football a user could bet on which player will receive the next Yellow card, or which team will be awarded the next corner kick. [6] [edit]Provably fair gamblingWith the dawn of Bitcoin, provably fair gambling[7] also became available for a global audience. These gambling sites allow the public to see how outcomes are based on the gambler's input and a secret number that is disclosed and changed for the next rounds every hour for example. This allows online gamblers to verify if the website â€Å"played† fair. [edit]Funds transfers Gambling money online can come from credit card, electronic check, certified check, money order, or even wire transfer. [8] Normally, gamblers upload funds to the online gambling company, make bets or play the games that it offers, and then cash out any winnings.Gamblers can often fund gambling accounts by credit card o r debit card, and cash out winnings directly back to the card; most U. S. banks, however, prohibit the use of their cards for the purpose of Internet gambling, and attempts by Americans to use credit cards at Internet gambling sites are usually rejected. [9] A number of electronic money services offer accounts with which online gambling can be funded; however, many top fund-transfer sites such as FirePay, Neteller & Moneybookers have discontinued service for U. S. esidents. Payment by check and wire transfer is also common and some gambling providers accept Bitcoin, a digital currency.Online poker From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Online poker is the game of poker played over the Internet. It has been partly responsible for a huge increase in the number of poker players worldwide. Christiansen Capital Advisors stated online poker revenues grew from $82. 7 million in 2001 to $2. billion in 2005,[1] while a survey carried out by DrKW and Global Betting and Gaming Consultants asser ted online poker revenues in 2004 were at $1. 4 billion. [2] In a testimony before the United States Senate regarding Internet Gaming, Grant Eve, a Certified Public Accountant representing the US Accounting Firm Joseph Eve, Certified Public Accountants, estimated that one in every four dollars is gambled online. [3] Traditional (or â€Å"brick and mortar†, B&M, live, land-based) venues for playing poker, such as casinos and poker rooms, may be intimidating for novice players and are often located in geographically disparate locations.Also, brick and mortar casinos are reluctant to promote poker because it is difficult for them to profit from it. Though the rake, or time charge, of traditional casinos is often high, the opportunity costs of running a poker room are even higher. Brick and mortar casinos often make much more money by removing poker rooms and adding more slot machines – for example, figures from the Gaming Accounting Firm Joseph Eve estimate that poker acc ounts for 1% of brick and mortar casino revenues. [3] Screenshot of open-source PokerTH tableOnline venues, by contrast, are dramatically cheaper because they have much smaller overhead costs. For example, adding another table does not take up valuable space like it would for a brick and mortar casino. Online poker rooms also allow the players to play for low stakes (as low as 1 ¢/2 ¢)[4] and often offer poker freeroll tournaments (where there is no entry fee), attracting beginners and/or less wealthy clientele. Online venues may be more vulnerable to certain types of fraud, especially collusion between players. However, they have collusion detection abilities that do not exist in brick and mortar casinos.For example, online poker room security employees can look at the hand history of the cards previously played by any player on the site, making patterns of behavior easier to detect than in a casino where colluding players can simply fold their hands without anyone ever knowing the strength of their holding. Online poker rooms also check players' IP addresses in order to prevent players at the same household or at known open proxy servers from playing on the same tables. Free poker online was played as early as the late 1990s in the form of IRC poker.Planet Poker was the first online cardroom to offer real money games. The first real money poker game was dealt on January 1, 1998. Author Mike Caro became the â€Å"face† of Planet Poker in October 1999. The major online poker sites offer varying features to entice new players. One common feature is to offer tournaments called satellites by which the winners gain entry to real-life poker tournaments. It was through one such tournament on PokerStars that Chris Moneymaker won his entry to the 2003 World Series of Poker. He went on to win the main event, causing shock in the poker world, and beginning the poker boom.The 2004 World Series featured three times as many players as in 2003. At least four play ers in the WSOP final table won their entry through an online cardroom. Like Moneymaker, 2004 winner Greg Raymer also won his entry at the PokerStars online cardroom. In October 2004, Sportingbet, at the time the world's largest publicly traded online gaming company (SBT. L), announced the acquisition of ParadisePoker. com, one of the online poker industry's first and largest cardrooms. The $340 million dollar acquisition marked the first time an online cardroom was owned by a public company.Since then, several other cardroom parent companies have gone public. In June 2005, PartyGaming, the parent company of the then largest online cardroom, PartyPoker, went public on the London Stock Exchange, achieving an initial public offering market value in excess of $8 billion dollars. At the time of the IPO, ninety-two percent of Party Gaming's income came from poker operations. In early 2006, PartyGaming moved to acquire EmpirePoker. com from Empire Online. Later in the year, bwin, an Austr ian based online gambling company, acquired PokerRoom. com.Other poker rooms such as PokerStars that were rumored to be exploring initial public offerings have postponed them. [5] As of March 2008, there are fewer than forty stand-alone cardrooms and poker networks with detectable levels of traffic. There are however more than 600 independent doorways or ‘skins' into the group of network sites. [6] As of January 2009, the majority of online poker traffic occurs on just a few major networks, among them PokerStars, Full Tilt Poker and the iPoker Network. As of February 2010, there are approximately 545 online poker websites. 7]Within the 545 active sites, about two dozen are stand-alone sites (down from 40 in March 2008), while the remaining sites are called â€Å"skins† and operate on 21 different shared networks, the largest network being iPoker which has dozens of skins operating on its network. [8] Of all the online poker rooms PokerStars. com is deemed the world†™s largest poker site by number of players on site at any one time. [9] By May 2012 PokerStars. com had increased their market share to more than 56%. [10] How online poker rooms profit Typically, online poker rooms generate the bulk of their revenue via four methods. First, there is the rake.Rake is collected from most real money ring game pots. The rake is normally calculated as a percentage of the pot based on a sliding scale and capped at some maximum fee. Each online poker room determines its own rake structure. Since the expenses for running an online poker table are smaller than those for running a live poker table, rake in most online poker rooms is much smaller than its brick and mortar counterpart. Second, hands played in pre-scheduled multi-table and impromptu sit-and-go tournaments are not raked, but rather an entry fee around five to ten percent of the tournament buy-in is added to the entry cost of the tournament.These two are usually specified in the tournament deta ils as, e. g. , $20+$2 ($20 represents the buy-in that goes into the prize pool and $2 represents the entry fee, de facto rake). Unlike real casino tournaments, online tournaments do not deduct dealer tips and other expenses from the prize pool. Third, some online poker sites also offer games like blackjack or side bets on poker hands where the player plays against â€Å"the house† for real money. The odds are in the house's favor in these games, thus producing a profit for the house.Some sites go as far as getting affiliated with online casinos, or even integrating them into the poker room software. Fourth, like almost all institutions that hold money, online poker sites invest the money that players deposit. Regulations in most jurisdictions exist in an effort to limit the sort of risks sites can take with their clients' money. However, since the sites do not have to pay interest on players' bankrolls even low-risk investments can be a significant source of revenue. Differe nces compared with conventional poker There are substantial differences between online poker gaming and conventional, in-person gaming.One obvious difference is that players do not sit right across from each other, removing any ability to observe others' reactions and body language. Instead, online poker players learn to focus more keenly on opponents' betting patterns, reaction time, speed of play, use of check boxes/auto plays, opponents' fold/flop percentages, chat box, waiting for the big blind, beginners' tells, and other behavior tells that are not physical in nature. Since poker is a game that requires adaptability, successful online players learn to master the new frontiers of their surroundings.Another less obvious difference is the rate of play. In brick and mortar casinos the dealer has to collect the cards, shuffle, and deal them after every hand. Due to this and other delays common in offline casinos, the average rate of play is around thirty hands per hour. However, on line casinos do not have these delays. The dealing and shuffling are instantaneous, there are no delays relating to counting chips (for a split pot), and on average the play is faster due to â€Å"auto-action† buttons (where the player selects his action before his turn).It is not uncommon for an online poker table to average ninety to one hundred hands per hour. There are many ways in which online poker is considerably cheaper to play than conventional poker. While the rake structures of online poker sites might not differ fundamentally from those in brick and mortar operations, most of the other incidental expenses that are entailed by playing poker in a live room do not exist in online poker. An online poker player can play at home and thus incur no transportation costs to get to and from the poker room.Provided the player already has a somewhat modern computer and an Internet connection, there are no further up-front equipment costs to get started. There are also consider able incidental expenses once on a live poker table. In addition to the rake, tipping the dealers, chip runners, servers and other casino employees is almost universally expected, putting a further drain on a player's profits. Also, whereas an online player can enter and leave tables almost as he pleases, once seated at a live table a player must remain there until he wishes to stop playing, or else go back to the bottom f the waiting list.Food and beverages at casinos are generally expensive even compared to other hospitality establishments in the same city, let alone compared to at home, and casino managers feel little incentive to provide any complementary food or drink for poker players. [citation needed] In the brick and mortar casinos, the only real way a player can increase his earnings is to increase his limit, likely encountering better opponents in the process. In the online world, players have another option: play more tables.Unlike a traditional casino where it is physic ally impossible to play at more than one table at a time, most online poker rooms permit this. Depending on the site and the player's ability to make speedy decisions, a player might play several tables at the same time, viewing them each in a separate window on the computer display. For example, an average profit around $10 per 100 hands at a low-limit game is generally considered to be good play. In a casino, this would earn a player under $4 an hour.After dealer tips, the â€Å"winning† player would probably barely break even before any other incidental expenses. In an online poker room, a player with the same win rate playing a relatively easy pace of four tables at once at a relatively sluggish 60 hands per hour each earns about $24/hour on average. The main restriction limiting the number of tables a player can play is the need to make consistently good decisions within the allotted time at every table, but some online players can effectively play up to eight or more ta bles at once.This can not only increase winnings but can also help to keep a player's income reasonably stable, since instead of staking his entire bankroll on one higher limit table he is splitting his bankroll, wins and losses amongst many lower limit tables, probably also encountering somewhat less skilled opponents in the process. Another important difference results from the fact that some online poker rooms offer online poker schools that teach the basics and significantly speed up the learning curve for novices.Many online poker rooms also provide free money play so that players may practice these skills in various poker games and limits without the risk of losing real money, and generally offer the hand history of played hands for analysis and discussion using a poker hand converter. People who previously had no way to learn and improve because they had no one to play with now have the ability to learn the game much quicker and gain experience from free-money play. The limit s associated with online poker range down to far lower levels than the table limits at a traditional casino.The marginal cost of opening each online table is so minuscule that on some gambling sites players can find limits as low as $. 01–$. 02. By comparison, at most brick and mortar establishments the lowest limits are often $1–$2. Few (if any) online poker sites allow action to be taken â€Å"in the dark†, while this is usually allowed and applied by players in real gaming houses. It is also not uncommon for online poker sites to not allow a player the option of showing their hand before folding if they are the giving up the pot to the last remaining bettor. This practice is also typically allowed in casinos. edit]Online casino From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) On line casinos, also known as virtual casinos or Internet casinos, are online versions of traditional (â€Å"brick and mortar†) casinos. Online casinos enable gamblers to play and wager on casino games through the Internet. Online casinos generally offer odds and payback percentages that are comparable to land-based casinos.Some online casinos claim higher payback percentages for slot machine games, and some publish payout percentage audits on their websites. Assuming that the online casino is using an appropriately programmed random number generator, table games like blackjack have an established house edge. The payout percentage for these games are established by the rules of the game. Many online casinos lease or purchase their software from companies like Microgaming, Realtime Gaming, Playtech, International Game Technology and CryptoLogic Inc. Online casino typesOnline casinos can be divided into two groups based on their interface: web-based and download-only casinos. Som e casinos offer both interfaces. [edit]Web-based online casinos Web-based online casinos are websites where users may play casino games without downloading software to the local computer. Games are mainly represented in the browser plugins Macromedia Flash, Macromedia Shockwave, or Java and require browser support for these plugins. Also, bandwidth is needed since all graphics, sounds and animations are loaded through the web via the plugin. Some online casinos also allow gameplay through a plain HTML interface.Apple devices such as iPod, iPad and iPhone cannot play Flash games as the technology is not supported. [edit]Download-based online casinos Download-based online casinos require the download of the software client in order to play and wager on the casino games offered. The online casino software connects to the casino service provider and handles contact without browser support. Download-based online casinos generally run faster than web-based online casinos since the graphic s and sound programs are located within the software client, rather than having to be loaded from the Internet.On the other hand, the initial download and installation of a download-based online casino client does take time. As with any download from the Internet, the risk of the program containing malware does exist. Still the graphics and sounds at download-based online casinos are most of the time much better than those at web-based online casinos. [edit]Online casino game variants The game types through the online casino interface can also be divided into two categories: live casinos, which offer live interactive casino gaming via video link, and virtual casinos, which provide computer simulations of popular casino games. citation needed]However, there is a great deal of crossover between the two, as most of the major virtual casinos now offer live gaming, and websites that are predominantly marketed as live casinos usually tend to offer virtual gaming in addition to live dealer games. [citation needed] [edit]Virtual casino games In a virtual casino game, the outcome of each game is dependent on the data produced by a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). This determines the order of the cards in card games, the outcome of a dice throw, or the results produced by the spinning of a slot machine or roulette wheel.PRNGs use a set of mathematical instructions known as an algorithm to generate a long stream of numbers that give the impression of true randomness. While this is not the same as true random number generation (computers are incapable of this without an external input source), it provides results that satisfy all but the most stringent requirements for true randomness. [1] When implemented correctly, a PRNG algorithm such as the Mersenne Twister will ensure that the games are both fair and unpredictable.However, the player has to take it on trust that the software has not been rigged to increase the house edge, as its inner workings are invisible to the user. Properly regulated online casinos are audited externally by independent regulators such as eCOGRA to ensure that their win percentages are in line with the stated odds, and this provides a degree of assurance to the player that the games are fair. [citation needed] [edit]Live dealer casino games In a live casino game, a human dealer runs the game in real time from a casino gaming table, which can be seen via a live streaming video link.Players can make betting decisions via a console on their computer screen, and can communicate with the dealer using a text chat function. The results of the physical transactions by the dealer, such as the outcome of the roulette wheel spin or the dealing of cards, are translated into data that can be utilized by the software by means of optical character recognition (OCR) technology. This enables the player to interact with the game in much the same way as they would with a virtual casino game, except for the fact that the results are dete rmined by real-life actions rather than automated processes.These games are a lot more expensive for websites to host than virtual games, as they involve a heavier investment in technology and staffing. A live casino studio typically employs one or more cameramen, several croupiers running the various games, an IT manager to ensure that any technical hitches are dealt with swiftly, and a pit boss that acts as an adjudicator in case of disputes between players and croupiers. In most cases, this requires at least a three room setup, comprising a live studio, a server/software room, and an analyst’s room.The configuration of these rooms varies from casino to casino, with some having several gaming tables in one room, and some having a single table in each room. [2] The high running costs involved with operating live dealer games is the reason why online casinos only tend to offer a handful of the most popular games in this format, such as roulette, blackjack, sic bo, baccarat, a nd poker. In comparison, the running costs associated with virtual games are very low, and it is not uncommon for online casinos to offer hundreds of different virtual casino games to players on their site.Online casinos vary in their approach to the hosting of live games, with some providing live games via their own television channel, and others offering the games exclusively via their website. In the case of televised games, players can often use their mobile phone or television remote controls to place bets instead of doing so via a computer connected to the internet. [edit]Games offered A typical selection of gambling games offered at an online casino might include: Baccarat Blackjack Craps Roulette Sic bo Online slot games Online poker Keno Bingo 31 Online bingoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) Online bingo is the game of bingo (US|UK) played on the Internet. It is estimated that the global gross gaming yield of bingo (excluding the United States) was US$500 million in 2006, and it is forecasted to grow to $1 billion by 2010. [1] Unlike balls used in regular bingo halls, online bingo sites use a random number generator.Most bingo halls also offer links to online poker and casino offerings as the patrons are often in the target market. One notable feature of online bingo is the chat functionality. Bingo sites strive to foster a sense of community and interaction between players as this helps customer retention. [edit]Main types of bingo games There are four main types of bingo played around the world. In live North American bingo halls, they typically play the 75-ball version of bingo on a 5Ãâ€"5 card with the center square usually marked ‘free'.The letters B-I-N-G-O typically sit atop the 75 ball bingo card and they correspond with each of the five colu mns found on the bingo card. The desired pattern which players aim to achieve in 75 ball can vary dramatically, from a simple single line to more complicated themed patterns. The aim of the game, however, is always the same: to mark off the numbers to achieve the desired pattern. Speed Bingo is a variation played exactly the same, but numbers are simply called much quicker. In the UK, parts of Europe, Australia and parts of South America they play a 90-ball game, marked on a 9Ãâ€"3 card.Both types of bingo are prominent online. In 90-ball bingo, each card has three horizontal lines and nine columns. Each line contains five numbers, meaning each card has 15 numbers. The first column contains numbers from 1-9, the second column contains numbers from 10-19, the third column contains numbers from 20-29, all the way through to the final column which contains numbers from 80-90. A game of 90 ball bingo will normally be played in three stages: one line, two lines and full house. In a â₠¬Å"one line† game players need to mark a complete horizontal line across one card (i. e. , 5 numbers marked).The aim of a ‘two lines' game is to complete any two marked lines horizontally across one card (i. e. , 10 numbers marked). Finally a â€Å"full house† means all the numbers marked off on one card (all 15 numbers), as in a regular coverall game. The prize split differs for each stage of the game. The prize will be shared equally among the winners if there is more than one. The full house is always the largest prize in any one game. A third type of bingo game is a rather quick game of bingo. It is played with 30 balls, numbered one through thirty and appropriately known as 30 ball bingo or speed bingo.The 30 ball bingo game utilizes a 3 Ãâ€" 3 card and the object of the game is to be the first bingo player to â€Å"fill† his or her card, which requires all nine numbers on your card to match the numbers that have been called out. The fourth main type of bingo game is 80 ball bingo, which is a hybrid between the 75 ball bingo rules and 90 ball bingo rules. The bingo cards are 4Ãâ€"4, thus they contain 16 numbers. Prizes are awarded in 80 ball bingo vary, depending on the game played. Some of the ways to win 80 ball bingo include being the first player to complete an entire line on their bingo card.The â€Å"line† can be horizontal, diagonal, or vertical. Getting â€Å"four corners† also constitutes a win in some 80 ball bingo games, whilst other games require multiple lines (1 or two lines), and still others require a full house. [edit]History One of the earliest known online bingo games, launched in 1996, was a free bingo game called â€Å"Bingo Zone†. [2] To play, members had to provide demographic information; in turn, members would receive targeted ads based on the demographics provided. [3] Another early pioneer for free online bingo was Uproar, which launched Bingo Blitz in 1998. 4]Getting started Some operators require players to download free software to play their games. Other operators use JavaScript or Adobe Flash based games that allow you to play immediately online after registering a player account. Most sites accept a standard range of e-wallet funding options. Sites often provide a number of incentives to deposit, including matching bonuses where the site will reward depositing players by matching a percentage of their deposit. Recently, the US government has passed laws that limit banks ability to process credit cards for US citizens.The laws prevent US based payment providers from taking payments for online gaming. [edit]Playing Playing bingo online, players can make use of optional features which make playing the game easier, such as auto-daub. Auto-daub automatically marks off the numbers on cards as they are called, so players don't have to. Most software providers support other gaming features as â€Å"Best Card Sorting† and â€Å"Best Card Highlightingâ⠂¬  where players cards are sorted and highlighted by closest to bingo. There is variety among the different kinds of bingo games that can be played.For example, some inexpensive game rooms appeal to the player who may want to play for just a 10 cents or 10 pence; some bingo games only allow players to purchase the same amount of cards so they are not competing against the â€Å"high rollers† out there who buy many cards for the same game. [edit]Chat Whereas in land-based bingo where talking is strictly forbidden during a game, it is actively encouraged in online bingo. Chat functions as an effective retention tool, aimed especially at the predominantly female audience. It is customary for players to congratulate winning players with comments like â€Å"WTG,† or â€Å"Way To Go†.Much like instant messaging, online bingo chat communities have their own acronyms which are often used in replace of often repeated sentences. CM stands for â€Å"chat monitor†. (This can also stand for chat moderator; in some other sites you may have â€Å"CH† which stands for chat host. ) The CM works for the bingo site as the host of a chat room and plays a role in welcoming players and creating a friendly and communal atmosphere in the room. This includes, but is not limited to, congratulating players when they win a game as well as playing chat games in-between bingo.Most sites have a chat protocol known as chat etiquette or chatiquette. [edit]Bingo networks There are a number of sites that will have the same promotions, similar graphics, the same bingo rooms and the same CMs. This occurs because they are part of a bingo â€Å"network†. In simple terms, this means a number of different sites (or â€Å"front ends†) are playing with the same numbers for the same jackpot (i. e. , the same back end). Multiple sites act as doorways to a single game, leading to larger pools of players in chat rooms and more sizable pots to win, in an ar rangement known as White Label Gaming. 5]While the bingo software is the same, the brand owners are responsible for the look and feel of the site, together with any promotions they wish to offer. This is an important feature of online bingo in that it is critical that any site have enough players to have a decent sized game. Hence, the bingo network â€Å"shares† players. Some operators choose not to pool their players together and because they segregate their players, they operate on a stand-alone network, which again can be via â€Å"white label† (Brigend Limited is the most commonly used stand-alone white label software) or can be done through the use of proprietary software. edit] Sports betting is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a wager on the outcome. [edit]Types of bets See also: Glossary of bets offered by UK bookmakers [edit]United States of America Aside from simple wagers such as betting a friend that one's favorite baseball team will w in its division or buying a football â€Å"square† for the Super Bowl, sports betting is commonly performed through a bookmaker or through various online Internet outlets. The many types of bets include: Straight Bets are wagers that are made against the spread.The spread, or line, is a number assigned by the bookmakers which handicaps one team and favors another. For example, in the NBA, when two teams play each other, one is perceived as being more likely to win. To attempt to make wagering on the underdog desirable, the bookmaker will give them points. Before game 5 of the 2012 NBA Finals, the Miami Heat were expected to beat the Oklahoma City Thunder. The line read: Miami -3, Oklahoma City +3. To determine who wins against the spread, the line is either added or subtracted from a teams final score.In the above example, if the bettor chose Miami, he would subtract 3 points from Miami's final score and compare that to Oklahoma's final score. For him to win his bet, Miami wo uld have to win the game by 4 points or more. This is the most common type of bet in sports. Proposition bets are wagers made on a very specific outcome of a match. Examples include guessing the number of goals each team scores in a handball match, betting whether a player will score in a football game, or wagering that a baseball player on one team will accumulate more hits than another player on the opposing team.Parlays involve multiple bets (usually up to 12) and will reward a successful bettor with a large payout. For example, a bettor could include four different wagers in a four-team parlay, whereby he is wagering that all four bets will win. If any of the four bets fails to cover, the bettor loses the parlay, but if all four bets win, the bettor receives a substantially higher payout (usually 10-1 in the case of a four-teamer) than if he made the four wagers separately. Progressive parlays. A progressive parlay involves multiple bets (usually up to 12) and rewards successful bettors with a large payout, though not as large as normal parlays.However in a progressive parlay, unlike a regular parlay, a reduced payout will still be made even should some of the bets lose. Teasers. A teaser allows the bettor to combine his bets on two or more different games. The bettor can adjust the point spreads for the two games, but must get all the games correct to win and recognizes a lower return in comparison to parlays. If bets. An if bet consists of at least two straight bets joined together by an if clause which determines the wager process.If the player’s first selection complies with the condition (clause), then the second selection will have action; if the second selection complies with the condition, then the third selection will have action and so on. Run line, puck line or goal line bets. These are wagers offered as alternatives to straight-up/moneyline prices in baseball, hockey or soccer, respectively. These bets feature a fixed point spread that ( usually) offers a higher payout for the favorite and a lower payout for the underdog (both in comparison to the moneyline). Future wagers.While all sports wagers are by definition on future events, bets listed as â€Å"futures† generally have a long-term horizon measured in weeks or months; for example, a bet that a certain NFL team will win the Super Bowl for the upcoming season. Such a bet must be made before the season starts in September, and winning bets will not pay off until the conclusion of the Super Bowl in January or February (although many of the losing bets will be clear well before then and can be closed out by the book). Odds for such a bet generally are expressed in a ratio of units paid to unit wagered.The team wagered upon might be 50-1 to win the Super Bowl, which means that the bet will pay 50 times the amount wagered if the team does so. Head-to-Head. In these bets, bettor predicts competitors results against each other and not on the overall result of th e event. One example are Formula One races, where you bet on two or three drivers and their placement among the others. Sometimes you can also bet a â€Å"tie†, in which one or both drivers either have the same time, drop out, or get disqualified. Totalizators.In totalizators (sometimes called flexible-rate bets) the odds are changing in real-time according to the share of total exchange each of the possible outcomes have received taking into account the return rate of the bookmaker offering the bet. For example: If the bookmakers return percentage is 90%, 90% of the amount placed on the winning result will be given back to bettors and 10% goes to the bookmaker. Naturally the more money bet on a certain result, the smaller the odds on that outcome become. This is similar to parimutuel wagering in horse racing and dog racing. 2nd half bets.A 2nd half(Second half) bet is also sometimes called a halftime bet. This bet is placed only at halftime of a particular sporting event. Th is bet can be placed on the spread(Line) or over/under. The resulting bet that is placed is won or lost only on the points scored by both teams in the second half only. In-play betting. In-play betting is a feature offered by some online sports books that enables bettors to place new bets while a sporting event is in progress. [edit]Bookmaking The general role of the bookmaker is to act as a market maker for sports wagers, most of which have a binary outcome: a team either wins or loses.The bookmaker accepts both wagers, and maintains a spread (the vigorish) which will ensure a profit regardless of the outcome of the wager. The Federal Wire Act of 1961 was an attempt by the US government to prevent illegal bookmaking. [1] However, this Act does not apply to other types of online gambling. [2] The Supreme Court has not ruled on the meaning of the Federal Wire Act as it pertains to online gambling. Bookmakers usually hold a 11-10 advantage over their customers—for small wagers it is closer to a 6-5 advantage—so the bookmaker will most likely survive over the long term.Successful bookmakers must be able to withstand a large short term loss. (Boyd, 1981) Many of the leading gambling bookmakers from the 1930s to the 1960s got their start during the prohibition era of the 1920s. They were oftentimes descendants of the influx of immigrants coming into the USA at this time. Although the common stereotype is that these bookies were of Italian descent, it has been proven that many of the leading bookies were of eastern European Jewish Ancestry. (Davies, 2001) Mobile gambling From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMobile gambling refers to playing games of chance or skill for money by using a remote device such as a tablet computer, smartphone or a mobile phone with a wireless internet connection. Over a dozen mobile casinos are operating as of March 2011. [edit]Market In 2005, Jupiter Research forecast that global mobile gambling services would generate reve nues of more than $19. 3 billion US dollars by 2009. [1] In 2010, Gartner analysts showed the 2009 global mobile gambling revenues at $4. 7 billion and forecast $5. 6 billion for 2010. 2] Such a large discrepancy between the 2005 forecast and the 2009 reality is attributed to the unexpected 2006 US prohibition of all internet based gambling. The mobile gambling market, as of 2011 is still in flux. The European Union still does not have a unified mobile gambling legislative framework in place. Each European country has their own set of widely different laws which regulate mobile gambling ranging from Finland where a government monopoly operates internet casinos to Norway which is in favor of complete prohibition of online gambling. [edit]Market projectionsAccording to a Juniper Research report[3] released in September 2010 the total sum wagered on mobile casino games is expected to surpass $48 billion US dollars by 2015. The report bases this prediction on (1) the high growth rates o f mobile casinos, lotteries and sports betting providers in major emerging markets and China; (2) liberalization of mobile gambling legislation in Europe; (3) United States repealing the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006, permitting people in the US to legally gamble online again. [3] A 2010 Gartner forecast sees 2014 global mobile gambling revenues reach $11. billion dollars. [2] [edit]Mobile casino games According to a February 2010 comScore MobiLens study[4] of the U. S. mobile gaming market, smartphone subscribers are much more likely to play mobile casino games than subscribers of generic phones. The study revealed that 7. 6% of smartphone subscribers and 1. 2% of generic mobile subscribers played mobile casino games within a three month time frame. [4] As of March 2011, there is a total of approximately 100 casino style mobile games which permit the use of real money:[citation needed] BaccaratBaccarat[1] is a card game, played at casinos and by gamblers. There are three popular variants of the game: punto banco (or â€Å"North American baccarat†), baccarat chemin de fer, and baccarat banque (or â€Å"à   deux tableaux†). Punto banco is strictly a game of chance, with no skill or strategy involved; each player's moves are forced by the cards the player is dealt. In baccarat chemin de fer and baccarat banque, by contrast, both players can make choices, which allows skill to play a part. Despite this, the winning odds are in favour of the bank, with a house edge no lower than around 1 per cent.Baccarat is a comparing card game played between two hands, the â€Å"player† and the â€Å"banker. † Each baccarat coup has three possible outcomes: â€Å"player† (player has the higher score), â€Å"banker,† and â€Å"tie. † Blackjack From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the gambling game. For other uses, see Black Jack (disambiguation). Blackjack, also known as twenty-one, is the most widely played casino banking game in the world. [1] Blackjack is a comparing card game between a player and dealer, meaning that players compete against the dealer but not against any other players.Blackjack is played with one or more decks of 52 cards. The object of the game is to reach 21 points or to reach a score higher than the dealer without exceeding 21. The player or players are dealt an initial two card hand and add the total of their cards. Face cards (Kings, Queens, and Jacks) are counted as ten points. The player and dealer can count his own ace as 1-point or 11 points. All other cards are counted as the numeric value shown on the card. After receiving their initial two cards, players have the option of getting a â€Å"hit,† which means taking an additional card.In a given round, the player or the dealer wins by having a score of 21 or by having the highest score that is less than 21. Scoring higher than 21 (called â€Å"busting† or â€Å"going bu st†) results in a loss. A player may win by having any final score less than 21 if the dealer busts. If a player holds an ace valued as 11, the hand is called â€Å"soft†, meaning that the player cannot go bust by taking an additional card; otherwise, the hand is â€Å"hard†. The dealer has to take hits until his cards total 17 or more points. (In some casinos, the dealer also hits on a â€Å"soft† 17, e. g. nitial ace and six. ) Players who do not bust and have a total higher than the dealer, win. The dealer will lose if he or she busts, or has a lesser hand than the player who has not busted. If the player and dealer have the same point total, this is called a â€Å"push† and the player typically does not win or lose money on that hand. Many rule variations of blackjack exist. Since the 1960s, blackjack has been a high profile target of advantage players, particularly card counters, who track the profile of cards that have been dealt and adapt the ir wager and playing strategies accordingly.Other casino games inspired by blackjack include Spanish 21 and pontoon. The recreational British card game of black jack is a shedding-type game and unrelated to the subject of this article. Craps is a dice game in which the players make wagers on the outcome of the roll, or a series of rolls, of a pair of dice. Players may wager money against each other (street craps, also known as shooting dice or rolling dice) or a bank (casino craps, also known as table craps).Because it requires little equipment, street craps can be played in informal settings Roulette is a casino game named after a French diminutive for little wheel. In the game, players may choose to place bets on either a single number or a range of numbers, the colors red or black, or whether the number is odd or even. To determine the winning number and color, a croupier spins a wheel in one direction, then spins a ball in the opposite direction around a tilted circular track ru nning around the circumference of the wheel.The ball eventually loses momentum and falls on to the wheel and into one of 37 (in French/European roulette) or 38 (in American roulette) colored and numbered pockets on the wheel. Sic bo (), also known as tai sai (), dai siu (), big and small or hi-lo, is an unequal game of chance played with three dice, and of ancient Chinese origin. Grand hazard and chuck-a-luck are variants, and of English origin. The literal meaning of sic bo is â€Å"precious dice†, while dai siu and dai sai mean â€Å"big [or] small†. Sic bo is a casino game, popular in Asia and widely played (as dai siu) in casinos in Macau.It is played in the Philippines as hi-lo[citation needed]. It was introduced into the USA by Chinese immigrants in the early 20th century, and can now be found in most American casinos. Since 13 May 2002, it can be played legally in licensed casinos in the United Kingdom, under The Gaming Clubs (Bankers' Games) (Amendment) Regulat ions 2002 (Statutory Instrument 2002/1130). Gameplay involves betting that a certain condition (e. g. that all three dice will roll the same) will be satisfied by a roll of the dice. [1] [edit]VariantsGrand Hazard is a gambling game of English origin, also played with three dice. (It is distinct from Hazard, another gambling game of Old English origin, played with two dice. ) The dice are rolled down a chute containing a series of inclined planes that tumble the dice as they fall[citation needed]. Chuck-a-luck, also known as birdcage, is a variant in the United States, which has its origins in grand hazard. The three dice are kept in a device that resembles a wire-frame bird cage and that pivots about its centre. The dealer rotates the cage end over end, with the dice landing on the bottom.Chuck-a-luck usually features only the single-number wagers, sometimes with an additional wager for any â€Å"triple† (all three dice showing the same number) with odds of 30 to 1 (or there abouts). Chuck-a-luck was once common in Nevada casinos but is now rare, frequently having been replaced by sic bo tables A slot machine (American English), informally fruit machine (British English), the slots (Canadian English), poker machine or â€Å"pokies† (slang) (Australian English and New Zealand English) or simply slot (American English), is a casino gambling machine with three or more reels which spin when a button is pushed.Slot machines are also known as one-armed bandits because they were originally operated by a lever on the side of the machine (the arm) instead of a button on the front panel, and because of their ability to leave the gamer penniless (bandit). Many modern machines still have a legacy lever in addition to the button. Slot machines include a currency detector that validates the coin or money inserted to play. The machine pays off based on patterns of symbols visible on the front of the machine when it stops. Modern computer technology has resulted in many variations on the slot machine concept.Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and constitute about 70 percent of the average US casino's income. Keno (pron. : /ki?no?/) is a lottery or bingo gambling game often played at modern casinos, and is also offered as a game in some state lotteries. A traditional live casino keno game uses a circular glass enclosure called a â€Å"bubble† containing 80 balls which determine the ball draw result. Each ball is imprinted with a number 1 through 80. During the ball draw, a blower pushes air into the bubble and mixes the balls.A â€Å"caller† presses a lever opening a tube, where the balls lift one at a time into a â€Å"V† shaped tube called the â€Å"rabbit ears†. The caller and a â€Å"verifier† record each of 20 balls drawn, and the computerized keno system calculates all wagers based on the numbers drawn. Players wager by marking an â€Å"S† over the â€Å"spot† choices on a blank keno ticket form with 80 numbered selection boxes (1 to 80). After all players successfully place their wagers, the casino draws 20 balls (numbers) at random. Some casinos automatically call the ball draw at preset timed intervals regardless of whether or not players are waiting to place a wager.Each casino sets its own series of pay scale choices called â€Å"paytables†. The player is paid based on how many numbers drawn match the numbers selected on the ticket and according to the paytable selected with regard to the wager amount. Players will find a wide variation of keno paytables from casino to casino and a large deviation in the house edge set for each of those paytables. Additionally, each casino typically offers many different paytables and specialty keno bets for customers to choose from, each with its own unique house edge.No two casinos' keno paytables are identical. There are several Reno and Las Vegas casinos offering as many as 20 or 30 diffe rent paytables from which the player can choose. [citation needed] The house edge ranges from less than 4%[1] to well over 35%. [2] The typical house edge for non-slot casino games is between 0% and 5%. [3] With 227 outlets nationwide, e-Games is an Internet outlet dedicated to casino games. With technology provided by PhilWeb, patrons can choose from over 300 casino games, including baccarat, blackjack, various slot machine games, video poker and others.Most e-Games cafes operate 24/7. You can easily switch from one game to another with just a click. Experience the comfort and privacy at e-Games nearest you. pinas online games Individuals registered with DTI or companies registered with SEC may apply to become authorized e-Games outlet Operators. The e-Games operator handles the day-to-day operations of the e-Games and gets a monthly commission based on winnings. A typical e-Games outlet would have at least ten (10) ordinary PCs connected in a Local Area Network setup and a cashier 's terminal.At any given time, there are at least only three (3) staff in the outlet. Thus, overhead is minimal. Most e-Games outlets are open 24/7 and every transaction is in cash. Globally, sports betting accounts for a huge chunk of all gambling revenue. In the Philippines, legal sports betting is still in its infancy, however, the sports psyche of the Filipino has become broader and more open to games other than basketball. Realizing the potential inherent in Filipinos’ expanding sports interest, PhilWeb partnered with MegaSportsWorld (MSW) to offer sports betting via our network of e-Games cafes.MSW is a fully licensed sports book registered in the Philippines. It operates within strict guidelines of licenses issued by PAGCOR, the main regulatory body for the gaming industry in the Philippines. Betting is simple. A punter chooses from a list of sports events, game formats, and their corresponding odds. Once the punter is ready to make a bet, he hands his money to the cas hier. The cashier then enters the bet into the system and prints out a ticket, which also serves as the claim stub for any winning bets.PhilWeb Corporation is the leading gaming technology provider in the Asia Pacific Region. We are listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE:WEB). PhilWeb excels in the gaming industry by providing superior and innovative products with the highest standards of customer service. We establish strategic partnerships to ensure a fair, secure and legal gaming experience for our customers. We create a rewarding and dynamic work environment where we attract, retain and motivate highly competent, passionate and innovative people, and deliver above-market value for our shareholders.PhilWeb today serves over 40,000 customers a day at our nationwide network of online cafà ©s, sports betting kiosks and mobile games in the Philippines. In the Asia Pacific region, we have just begun serving customers in Guam, Timor Leste and Cambodia, markets which will exponen tially increase our customer base. We are also negotiating similar contracts in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Laos and Palau, as we go to press. We are a lean organization, with just 300 employees at the end of September 2012, but a highly productive one. In the last five years, we have generated

Conference Even Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Conference Even Plan - Essay Example ?s library with the goal to increase reading participation and literacy applying the principles of planning, marketing, sponsorship, human resource management, workplace health and safety, staging, issues for events, logistics, financial control, legal issues, and event evaluation. The event is a fund-raising concert show that will feature teen star Miley Cyrus as guest star with local performers to fill-in majority of the show slot. It shall be called â€Å"Miley Learns to Read.† The concept is to target a massive audience / participation in order to generate more funds. The priority for this event is to invite and convince a major celebrity to perform for free. There are various ways that a performer’s management may consider this: use the event as a donation to the foundation and can be credited as tax-deductible. Other ways to convince a management of the talents include use of the endorsement of local authorities such as the city or town mayor of the said project to generate credibility. After being able to book a major talent or celebrity, the next work to be down is to recruit local performers to perform for free. Same approach as above shall be employed. Once the performers are lined-up, the rest shall follow and much easier to handle. Once performers are confirmed, the venue must be found. An appropriate one will be a closed coliseum or like structure that will withstand weather changes. Unpredictable weather such as rain or storm can adversely affect attendance of audience in an open space such as a stadium or baseball arena. Permits and licenses must also be secured in order to coordinate security and police force within the locality. Sound system, lighting, and other logistical needs should also be addressed. The targeted audience and how to maximize attendance comes next. The organizers must utilize all possible ways to generate the most of income in the said event through proper marketing communication strategies. Likewise, securing the support

The Equitable Doctrine by Lord Mersey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Equitable Doctrine by Lord Mersey - Essay Example The reason for this issue being, and remaining, alive is embedded in the fact that Human Behavior is incorrigible. From time immemorial the strong have prevailed over the weak in more ways than one can conceive. Putting it mildly it has been called â€Å"persuasion†, while the advocated of downtrodden have declared it to be â€Å"oppression†. But in all cases the manipulation continues as a manifestation of our nature. No doubt the Ontologists will gleefully wring their hands at the opportunity to explain it, but let it rest for now, as this is not a philosophical discourse. The root of this ailment lies in â€Å"need†. There always has been, and always will be a need by someone to borrow and a lender is always at hand to do the needful. This builds a case to be persuasive or oppressive, as the case maybe, and a clogging clause is gently forced in the agreement. Normally suspicion does not enter the mind at this stage, as the mind is already clogged with the urgency of the need, So far so good, as the good old saying goes. But the situation takes a dramatic turn, when by a stroke of fortune, or misfortune as some may say, the borrower wishes to shed the shackles he has been wearing for some time. Suddenly he is faced with an unbelievable situation that he has already surrendered his right to freedom. That he has chosen to remain a slave to his master’s wishes dawns on him as rude shock, that there is a clause that prohibits the recovery of his security without penalties. It is a moot question that the legal profession in all its wisdom now takes over. The ever-eager legal beagles find their bread and butter, overlooking the fact that it was indeed someone from their brotherhood that had earlier patronized the introduction of the clog and gave it a legal status.   

Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managers - Essay Example The role of each of the four management functions in the daily managerial work is discussed below. Planning is necessarily management’s foundational function which â€Å"provides the design of a desired future state and the means of bringing about that future state to accomplish the organization's objectives† (Wijesinghe, 2011). Plans have to be made on a daily basis as new challenges emerge. Once the decision has been made, the manger assesses the required resources, and recruits the missing ones accordingly. Recruitment allows a manager to evaluate the skills of candidates through formal hiring procedures like interview or test in order to bring new employees on board so that the workforce is equipped with the competences that are demanded by the task at hand. It is recommendable to have a pre-planning session as it can prove a wonderful time saver (Rowland, 2001, p. 4). Senior management can complete a SWOT analysis before the commencement of planning process. The fu nction of organizing requires a manager to allocate appropriate resources to the tasks for their accomplishment. This is commonly achieved with the help of organizational charts that clearly depict the levels of authority and the accorded areas of responsibility. Day-to-day operations are governed by rightly marked lines of communication between the various organizational personnel.

Research Strategy-Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects Paper

Strategy-Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects - Research Paper Example The subjective and quantitative methodology of the examination is essentially useful for the specialist to get assorted and multi-directional data on account of the Libyan Red Crescent. As per the examination proposition, semi-structured interviews, and contextual analysis methodologies have been chosen as the systems for directing subjective exploration. In connection to the quantitative measurement, a poll methodology has been chosen. Research tools such as questionnaires are powerful for leading quantitative surveys. It is efficient in both time and cost. Using semi-organized interviews may assist the analyst to delve into the perspectives of the representatives of the Zintan branch, Red Crescent Libya. Aside from the over two strategies contextual investigation system gives the functional situation to the examination process. This strategy helps the analyst to obtain the constant photo of an examination issue. This technique gives adequate data to the analysts. A pre-set of the s tudy design must be discussed in depth having in mind the expected end result to acquire an organized examination derivation. With the assistance of diverse examination methodologies examined above scientist can gather the imperative information which is totally fundamental for the finish of this exploration. Testing is additionally an essential part of the exploration strategy. An exploration is comparable to its systems are. It is critical to choose the systems in a suitable way. In this exploration paper, the specialist has picked both subjective and quantitative strategies. As per the exploration targets, top to bottom examination of the examination wonder is altogether critical.

Essay in International Relations Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

In International Relations - Essay Example There are proofs that women can positively influence political culture, political approaches, and political decisions when they are part of the decision-making process. Numerous women have been largely involved in international affairs as peacemakers; working with both parties in order to come up with a diplomatic solution; coordinating with other actors and inspiring other women to be vigorously involved. Almost all women seem to have a quite different view of violence, security, and peace than majority of men. Drude Dahlerup, an expert in feminist theory, believes that women’s political involvement should be considered a potential for change. With a greater number of women in power, there has, based on the Scandinavian policymakers she has talked with, been an entire array of political changes. Chenoy and Vanaik investigate women’s political status in South Asia. Their main objective is to find out whether changing the gender balance in major agencies responsible for conflict resolution, security, and peace will create opportunities for more nonviolent solution to conflicts. They claim that it is the realism principle which prevailed in the internal conflicts in the area and the relationship between Pakistan and India (Skjelsboek et al., 2001). The principle of realism believes in patriarchy, which further influence uncompromising ideas of womanhood (Steans et al., 2013). Chenoy and Vanaik believe that in order to transform the political environment there should be a new framework for international security, which should be rooted in the understanding that gender is a component of the political domain and is integral to state’s identity and the international community’s structure. Similarly, Samuel refers to the large number of complexities and inconsistencies that describe the participation of women in conflict resolution in Sri Lanka. Women’s status and roles in Sri Lanka have transformed because of the persistent conflict . The slaughter of men has brought about an increasing number of female-led households. Samuel thoroughly explained the numerous women’s efforts with regard to the arena of conflict resolution (Banerjee, 2008). Women’s associations have collaborated vigorously with human rights agencies. The organization ‘Women for Peace’ successfully mobilized an appeal asking for negotiations; this consequently resulted in the preliminary series of political discussions between the Tamil revolutionary leaders and government officials in 1984 (Banerjee, 2008). Samuel demonstrates the vital part that women and women’s organizations have fulfilled in conflict resolution operations, and emphasizing the value of having a greater number of women engaged in the process of decision-making. Slapsak, on the other hand, presents comprehensive cultural and historical information to understand how women responded to the Yugoslav war. She claims that throughout the war those in volved, especially women’s organizations, used ancient stories of being a masculinity and femininity (Bahun-Radunovic & Rajan, 2008). Her study shows that historically, and even literarily, women are viewed as equally strong leaders as men. The idea that relationships among nations would be more diplomatic or nonviolent if women occupy powerful positions focuses mainly on the conventional belief that women are less antagonistic or aggressive and, on the contrary, more peace-loving and compassionate gender (Bahun-Radunovic & Rajan, 2008). By studying the attitude and behavior of high-ranking women in the public and private sector, it may be logical to assume that women who occupied powerful positions exhibited masculine features, making the idea that women in power are more conciliatory and are peacemakers

Chinese women in globalized economy( Chinese women in marriage, family Assignment

Chinese women in globalized economy( Chinese women in marriage, family planning, and family responsibilities) - Assignment Example The Chinese traditional society regarded women as second class citizens who did not have the rights and freedoms that were enjoyed by men. It is not until 1949 that women began enjoying their rights. There were no equal education opportunities for boys and girls in traditional China as girls were regarded as passing members of the family who would be married off and therefore lacked long term economic benefits (Croll, 2005). According to Chatterjee (2003), the societal structures were modelled in a manner that placed women in an inferior position with a minor role of taking care of children and in-laws. They were expected to demonstrate humility in their subservient role. Women were regarded as ‘passive and unambitious’ and hence were considered to be of no value to economic development in China. Some Chinese folktales depict the society’s view of women that degraded women’s status through such phrases as ‘girls are maggots in rice’ while argum ents of the greater value of geese than girls was a common semantic among many traditional Chinese families (Cheraghi, 2013). Croll (2005) observes that infant mortality was higher in girls than boys among underprivileged traditional Chinese families as a result of contempt by the parents and other community members. Becoming pregnant out of wedlock was regarded as an abomination for the girl and the family to the society yet the man involved went unpunished. Suicide was therefore common among unfortunate girls who got pregnant before marriage. Chinese parents ensured that girls were married off as soon as the mature, which made their stay at home transitory. No family could therefore ‘waste’ resources contributing to the intellectual development. Women were forced in to unhappy pre-arranged marriages for which they had no option. Cruel in-laws made it worse for women as they were not allowed go back to

Verification vs Validation Essay Example for Free

Verification vs Validation Essay Verification ensures that the system (software, hardware, documentation, and personnel) complies with an organization’s standards and processes, relying on review of non-executable methods. Validation physically ensures that the system operates according to plan by executing the system functions through a series of tests that can be observed and evaluated. Verification answers the question, â€Å"Did we build the right system?† while validation addresses, â€Å"Did we build the system right?† Verification requires several types of reviews, including requirements reviews, design reviews, code walkthroughs, code inspections, and test reviews. The system user should be involved in these reviews to find defects before they are built into the system. In the case of purchased systems, user input is needed to assure that the supplier makes the appropriate tests to eliminate defects. Validation is accomplished simply by executing a real-life function. This includes unit testing, integration testing, system testing and user acceptance testing. In this rigorous testing is conducted to validate if the system meets the functional requirement. The three most important skills that a system analysis should have are the same for any company. They should first and foremost have people skills. You have to be able to work with a variety of people and be able to work in teams. You should be an assertive person also. A good systems analysis should be able to take initiative and do things without being told. Also this person should have good reasoning and problem solving skills. These are all things that should be within the person naturally along with the actual computer skills necessary to analyze systems for a client. -are ability to work well with others, -good communication skills, -the ability to ask the right questions Bidder Responsibility Determination: To be determined responsible, a bidder must be successfully evaluated against the 7 following criteria: 1. Financial Resources. The bidder must have adequate financial resources to perform the contract, or the ability to obtain them (see FAR 9.104-3(a)—Ability to Obtain Resources). 2. Performance Schedule. The bidder must be able to comply with the performance schedule, required or proposed delivery, taking into consideration all existing commercial and governmental business commitments. 3. Performance Record. The bidder must have have a satisfactory performance history, if any (see FAR 9.104-3(b)—Satisfactory Performance Record and Experience Certificate). Nevertheless, a prospective contractor shall not be determined responsible or non-responsible solely because of a lack of relevant performance history, except when specified in a standard for special acquisitions. 4. Integrity and Ethics. The bidder must have a satisfactory record of integrity and business ethics including satisfactory compliance with laws related to taxes, labor and employment, environment, antitrust, and consumer protection (see FAR 9.406-2—Causes for debarment and FAR 9.407-2—Causes for suspension). 5. Organization and Skills. The bidder must have the necessary organization and skills, experience, accounting and operational controls, and technical skills, or the ability to obtain them (see FAR 9.104-3(a)—Ability to Obtain Resources). 6. Equipment and Facilities. The bidder must have the necessary technical equipment and facilities for production or construction, or ability to obtain them (see FAR 9.104-3(a)—Ability to Obtain Resources); and 7. Other Qualification. The bidder must be otherwise qualified and eligible to receive an award under applicable laws and regulations. Systems Engineering V Model The system life cycle The system life cycle has seven phases: (1) discovering system requirements, (2) investigating alternatives, (3) full-scale engineering design, (4) implementation, (5) integration and test, (6) operation, maintenance and evaluation and (7) retirement, disposal and replacement. However, the system life cycle is different for different industries, products and customers. State the problem The problem statement starts with a description of the top-level function that the system must perform or the deficiency that must be ameliorated. It includes system requirements stated in terms of what must be done, not how to do it. It might be composed in words or as a model. Inputs come from end users, operators, bill payers, owners, regulatory agencies, victims, sponsors, Marketing, Manufacturing, etc. These are called stakeholders. In a modern business environment, the problem statement starts with a reason for change followed by vision and mission statements for the company. Understand customer needs Customers seldom know what they want or need. Systems Engineers must enter the customers environment and find out how the customer will use the system. Talking to your customers customer and your suppliers supplier can be very useful. Frameworks, such as the Zachman framework or the DoDAF, are useful for seeing how the system fits into the customers enterprise. Discover system requirements There are two types of system requirements: mandatory and tradeoff Mandatory requirements insure that the system satisfies the customers operational need, and must be passed or failed, there is no middle ground. The tradeoff requirements are evaluated to determine the preferred designs, and should state conditions that would make the customer happier. Verify and validate requirements Investigate alternatives Alternative designs are evaluated based on performance, cost, schedule and risk criteria. This analysis should be redone whenever more data are available. Define quantitative measures Performance and cost criteria show how well the system satisfies its requirements, e.g., In this test the car accelerated from 0 to 60 in 6.5 seconds. Technical performance measures (TPMs) are made during the design and manufacturing process to evaluate the likelihood of satisfying the system requirements. Model the system Models will be developed for most alternative designs. Many types of system models are used, such as block diagrams, functional flow diagrams, object-oriented models, computer simulations. Design the system The overall system must be partitioned into subsystems, subsystems must be partitioned into assemblies, etc. Reusability should be considered in creating subsystems. For new designs, subsystems should be created so that they can be reused in future products. For redesign, subsystems should be created to maximize the use of existing, particularly commercially available, products. Systems engineers must also decide whether to make or buy the subsystems, first trying to use commercially available subsystems. If nothing satisfies all the requirements, then modification of an existing subsystem should be considered. If this proves unsatisfactory, then some subsystems will have to be designed in-house. Flexibility is more important than optimality. Hardware, software and bioware must be considered. Bioware (or wetware) means humans and other biological organisms that are a part of the system. For example, in designing a race track the horses or dogs are a part of the bioware. Create sequence diagrams Define system architecture Some choices that have to be made: (1) object-oriented design, structured analysis, or functional decomposition, (2) distributed or centralized computing, (3) commercial off the shelf (CoTS) or custom designed. Functional analysis Systems engineers do functional analysis on new systems (1) to map functions to physical components, thereby ensuring that each function has an acknowledged owner, (2) to map functions to system requirements, and (3) to ensure that all necessary tasks are listed and that no unnecessary tasks are requested. This list becomes the basis for the work breakdown structure. A work breakdown structure (WBS) breaks a project into smaller, more manageable components. Sensitivity analyses Sensitivity analyses can be used to point out the requirements and parameters that have the biggest effects on cost, schedule and performance. They are used to help allocate resources. Assess and manage risk There are two types of risk: risk of project failure (due to cost overruns, time overruns or failure to meet performance specifications) and risk of harm (usually called personnel safety). A failure modes and effects analysis and risk mitigation must be performed. Project risk can be reduced by supervising quality and timely delivery of purchased items. Reliability analysis Major failure modes must be analyzed for probability of occurrence and severity of occurrence. Integrate system components Integration means bringing things together so they work as a whole. System integration means bringing subsystems together to produce the desired result and ensure that the subsystems will interact to satisfy the customers needs. End users and engineers need to be taught to use the system with courses, manuals and training on the prototypes. Design and manage interfaces Interfaces between subsystems and interfaces between the main system and the external world must be designed. Well-designed subsystems send finished products to other subsystems. When designing subsystems and their interfaces be sure to consider reuse. Launch the system Launching the system means doing what the system was intended to do, e.g. running the system and producing outputs. Configuration management Configuration management (also called modification management) ensures that any changes in requirements, design or implementation are controlled, carefully identified, and accurately recorded. All stakeholders should have an opportunity to comment on proposed changes. Decisions to adopt a change must be captured in a baseline database. Baselines can only be changed at specified points in the life cycle. The phrase requirements tracking is now being used for an important subset of configuration management. Project management Project management is the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of company resources to meet specific goals and objectives within time, within cost and at the desired performance level. Project management creates the work breakdown structure, which provides structure for guiding team assignments and cost and tracking control. Documentation All of these Systems Engineering activities must be documented in a common repository, often called the Engineering Notebook. The stored information should be location, platform, and display independent: which means any person on any computer using any tool should be able to operate on the fundamental data. Assumptions, results of tradeoff studies and the reasons for making critical decisions should be recorded. These documents should be alive and growing. For example, at the end of the system life cycle there should be an accurate model of the existing system to help with retirement. Lead teams Complex systems cannot be designed by one person. Consequently engineers work on Integrated Product Development Teams (IPDTs). These teams are interdisciplinary with members from Business, Engineering, Manufacturing, Testing, etc. IPDTs are often led by Systems Engineers. Assess Performance During the operation and maintenance phase of the system life cycle the performance of the system must be measured. Initially these measurements will be used to verify that the system is in compliance with its requirements. Later they will be used to detect deterioration and initiate maintenance. Prescribe tests Early in the system life cycle Systems Engineering should describe the tests that will be used to prove compliance of the final system with its requirements. However, most testing should be performed by built-in self-test equipment. These self-tests should be used for initial testing, post-installation testing, power-up diagnostics, field service and depot repair. The recipient of each test result and the action to be taken if the system passes or fails each test must be stated. Conduct reviews Systems Engineering should ensure that the appropriate reviews are conducted and documented. The following set is common: Mission Concept Review, System Requirements Review (SRR), System Definition Review, Preliminary Design Review (PDR), Critical Design Review (CDR), Production Readiness Review (PRR), and System Test. Full-scale engineering design begins after the Preliminary Design Review. Manufacturing begins after the Critical Design Review. Total system test The system that is finally built must be tested to see (1) that it satisfies the mandatory requirements, and (2) how well it satisfies the tradeoff requirements. Re-evaluation Re-evaluation is arguably the most important task of Systems Engineering. For centuries engineers have used feedback to control systems and improve performance. It is one of the most fundamental engineering tools. Re-evaluation means observing outputs and using this information to modify the system inputs, the product or the process. Re-evaluation should be a continual process with many parallel loops. Everyone should continually re-evaluate the system looking for ways to improve quality. Tools used in this process include basic systems engineering, and the quality engineering techniques presented by, for example, Deming and Taguchi. Deming (1982); Bicknell and Bicknell (1994); Latzko and Saunders (1995). Near the end of the project, engineers should write a Lessons Learned document. These lessons learned should not be edited by management, because management could trivialize what they do not understand or omit management mistakes. Categories of Systems Engineers Many companies divide their Systems Engineers into three categories according to their major workflows: requirements definition, architectural design and testing and verification. Creating Systems Engineers The traditional method of creating Systems Engineers was to select well-organized engineers with lots of common sense and let them acquire 30 years of diverse engineering experience. But recently these traditional Systems Engineers have written books and standards that explain what they do and how they do it. So now that the tools, concepts and procedures have been formalized, in four years of undergraduate education we can teach Systems Engineers who will have performance levels 50% that of traditional Senior Systems Engineers. Ten years of systems engineering experience will improve performance to 80% and another ten years will increase it to 100%.

Report on Air Asia Essay Example for Free

Report on Air Asia Essay The route map of all the destinations covered by Air Asia and Air Asia X are also shown. Booking services Once the destinations are selected the flight times and the base prices will be displayed AirAsia GoAir Asia Go ensures customers to book flights and the hotel rooms in their preferred destinations at the click of the mouse. AirAsia Credit Cards With the Air Asia credit cards, each customer is entitled for great deals and discounts on selected flights and purchases from Air Asia. AirAsia Insure Air Asia has its own travel insurance, which is Air Asia Insure travel protection. AirAsia CourierWith Air Asia Courier, the courier rates are 50% lower than the nearest competitor prices. It has two main services, that is Delivery to Door and Airport to Airport services. AirAsia RedTix An online ticket service in which customers can buy tickets for upcoming sporting events, theatre shows, and many more. Air Asia RedTix partners with premier event organizers to bring customers the world of high class performances and entertainments. Red MegastoreA merchandise service from Air Asia in which you can browse and shop for exclusive merchandise from the comforts of your home. Exclusive Air Asia merchandise, collectibles, exclusive cosmetics and fragrances are available for customers to choose from. AirAsia. cafeThis is an in-flight experience that is specially tailored to cater to the needs of the customers’ needs and expectations. Food and Beverages, AirAsia Merchandise, and in flight entertainment. Figure: 8 Product Services of Air Asia (Accessed on 25th May 2010) http://www. redmegastore. com/webshaper/store/viewCat. asp 3. 0 Mega Environment Mega environment are the general condition outside an organization. Mega environment have 5 elements. These are Technological, Economic, Legal Political, Social culture and International. In this particular time our group will be explaining about Technological and Social Culture. 3. 1 Social/Culture Brand culture With the tagline ‘Now everyone can fly’, Air Asia’s philosophy of low fares is aimed to make flying affordable for everyone. Air Asia also aims at making travel easy, convenient and fun for its guests Malaysia is a multiracial country, boasting races of Malays, Chinese, Indians and others. Malaysia’s state religion is Islam, but people are free to choose their religion. Malay is the official language in Malaysia, as English is also widely used. Fernandess management style to build on the basis of culture, creating a strong brand, and using his own unique way. He stressed that the departments are closely linked, and also the importance of distinguishing. He explained in the aviation industry, The pilots think they are God, and also the engineers as these are very important people. † Air Asias philosophy is: not only affordable flights, but also interesting and fun experience in each flight.

Video summarization techniques

Video summarization techniques 1. INTRODUCTION Recently, the number of videos has been increased and the ability of individuals to capture or/and create digital video has been grown at the same time. So there is a growing need for video summarization. Video summarization refers to a summary creation of a video where is has to address three main beliefs. First, the video summary should contain the most important scenes and events from the video but it should be as short as possible. For example, in soccer game, the summary must contain goals, fouls, scuffles, and some other important scenes. Second, the video summary should show a good continuous connection among scenes. It means that the video summary should not show video segments concatenated together in a blindly way. Finally, the video summary should not contain any redundancy. In other words, the video summary should have a free repetition. However, it is kind of difficult to achieve that. For instant, it is very common that goals in soccer game be replayed many times during the match which makes it really difficult to distinct between the goal and the reply of that goal. As a result, the redundancy will be there for each time the goal been replayed. Video summarization is considered one of the most important features which it makes the search away easier and useful than before. Also, video summarization is a very important tool where people can use it to get the main idea and the important scenes without watching the full original video. For example, in any companies which use surveillance video to secure their building, they wish that they can see only the important events that happened there. So, in order to achieve that video summarization is the only solution. Also, some of the large movie databases such as Internet Movie Database (IMDb) and movie sellers want to have software that can summarize the movies automatically. As a result, companies can save time and afford by using video summarization. There are many techniques that have been used recently for video summarization. In this paper, I will address some of most interesting techniques and methods. These techniques are used to summarize video based on camera motion, meeting recording, sports video, surveillance, and presentation. 2. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION BY USING CAMERA MOTION Video summarization based on many methods and one of these methods is based on camera motion. In [1], there are two methods have been addressed for video summarization. The first method is to give an explanation for making summary for a given video and the second method is to evaluate that video summary by comparing it with other video summary. In other words, they are trying to create a good video summary by evaluating the result based on camera motion. Also in [1], there are three different families have been proposed a video summarization based on camera motion. In [1], the first family divides the video instead of selecting the keyframes by using camera motion. In [2], the moving objects have been detected by using the camera motion. Therefore, the video summary will be built according to this detection. For example, the illustration of detecting the moving objects is shown in 1. The images on the left are two shots where the object has been marked and on the right side there is a made up background image. There are two modules for object recognition. The first one is segmentation module and the second one is classification module. The process of object recognition is shown in 2. In [3], authors used camera motion to divide the shots into segments and the selecting of keyframes has been done under 4 different measures. This system called video snapshot. The system Architecture of this technique is shown in 3. There are six steps to create a video snapshot as follow: 1) Clustering the connection between sub-shots which are decomposed of the video. 2) Detecting the current scenes according to the relationship of the clustering that has been done in the first step. 3) Sorting out the sun-shots which are not important to make the number of them is equal or less than the given grid cell number. 4) The grids cells are allocated to dissimilar scenes based on the key events number in each topical scene that has been detected in the second step. 5) In a respectively way, the keyframes sub-shots in each scene are lined up from top to bottom and from left to right in the area that has been assigned to scenes. 6) Besides the black background and the rectangle border box, to guide browsing and enhance visual orderliness, the vertical and the horizontal splitting lines are added to the boundaries of scenes [3]. In [4], based on camera motion, shots has been segmented and after that MPEG motion vectors which has the objects and camera motion has been used to identify the motion of each frame and select the keyframes. However, this technique is used more to segment the video than to summarize the video. Authors proposed a method called InsightVideo which is a system where it analysis and retrieves the video. The system flow for InsightVidoe is shown in 4. InsightVideo system has three divisions. The first one is video feature extracting. The second division is hierarchal video content table. The last division is progressive video content access. In [1], the second family is focusing on the existing of motion or not. In [5], the shots have been selected first, then find out whether there is a camera motion or not. On one hand, if there is a camera motion, then the shots are represented by three keyframes. On the other hand, if there is no camera motion, then the shots are represented by one keyframe. In [6], the video summary method used both camera motion and object motion. So in order to get the video dynamic features, authors designed a method to select the segments that contain large motions. The segments with a camera motion provide keyframes which are added to the summary; nevertheless these approaches are based on simple consideration which exploit little information contributed by camera motion [7]. In [1], the last family tries to find the similarity between frames and then choosing keyframes according to that similarity. In [8], by calculating the distance between two frames, the similarity has been computed. Therefore, if the distance between two frames is small, it means that they are close to each other in term of content and a few keyframes are selected. The calculating of the similarity between two frames is shown in 5. In [9], it has the same idea of [8] where Fauvet et al determine from the estimation of the dominant motion, the areas between two successive frames which are lost or appear. Then, a cumulative function of surfaces which appear between the first frame of the shot and the current frame is used to determine the keyframes. In [1], a new method has been addressed for video summarization which is based on camera motion and /or on static camera. Camera motion as authors believe is really important because it carries a lot of interesting information. For instance, to catch the viewers awareness, a zoom in is one of the ways that makes it achievable. Also, a change of location can be shown when there is a translation. As a result, the features of the camera motion have been used to select the keyframes. Indeed, the method has an advantage where it avoids a straight contrast among frames and the classification of camera motion is the only one that is based on. There are two principles that the video summary works based on camera motion. The first principle is the recognition of camera motion. In [1], camera motion detection is based on the recognition of translation, zoom and static camera. The structural design of the system, which is illustrated in 6, has three phases. The first phase is the extraction of motion parameter which by the model of an affine parametric, it focuses in the estimating of the main motion between two frames in a row. The second phase is consisting of three different stages which called the classification of camera motion. In [1], the first stage of the second phase is to change the model of the motion parameters into values which are symbolic. The second stage is to separate the static frames from the dynamic frames. The last stage is to integrate the dynamic frames temporally. Finally, the third phase is to find out the features by extracting on each segment of the video. In [1], the second principle of summarizing method that is based on camera motion is selecting the keyframes according to camera motions. Moreover, there are three ways to select the keyframes. The first way is to select the keyframes according to the sequence of camera motions as shown in 7. For example,if there are two segments and none of them is static, the first frame of each segment will be selected. However, if there is a static segment, then the first and the end of the motion segment will be selected. The second way to select keyframes is according to camera motion magnitude as illustrated in 8. For example, if there is one segment and that segment is translation and it has low magnitude, then the last frame of the segment will be selected. in other case if the segment has high magnitude and rectilinear translation, then the first and the last frame will be selected. Also, if a high magnitude and no rectilinear translation have been found in the segment, then the first, middle, and last frame will be selected. Moreover, if there is a zoom segment and it has a low magnitude, then the last frame of that segment will be selected. But if the zoom segment has high magnitude, then the first and the last frame will be selected. Finally, the last way is to select the keyframes according to both succession and magnitude of camera motion as shown in 9. In other words, it is simply combining the first and the second ways to one way. 3. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNEQUE USED FOR MEETING RECORDINGS. In [12], taking a video for a meeting is really important instead of just writing it down in a document. There are many leaks for the information that has been transformed into a written document. It takes a long time to write it down in a document and it loses the accuracy of the information. Also, since it is only a written document, it loses the presence reaction during the meeting. Moreover, it may not cover everything that occurs there, so there might be leaks in the completeness of the meeting for any reason. Therefore, video summarization is really useful for meeting recording and there are many proposed method to achieve that. In [10], a multimodal meeting summarization method has been explained and this method includes audio, visual, and speech transcriptions. Also, in this method authors proposed a measure where it can localize the sound and the scale of the audio signal. The illustration of this method according to the localization of the sound, the output of audio activit ies and the transcriptions of speech is shown in 10. Moreover, this method can detect the relations between the presence and the contributor according to the loud speech. In [10], visual activities also have been analyzed in order to get a specific event in a video sequence. There is not that much motion in the video sequence for any meeting. For example, when a contributor tries to make a presentation or when people tries to join the meeting. In 11, shows some high motions that occur in a video of a meeting. In [10], the text has been analyzed based on the language analysis techniques in this method. This method computed the Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF). In [16], the Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) is a well known term which specify in a document, the words that relatively important. In [11], the method that has been used in this paper is really useful only for video browsing and searching by keyframes based representation. In [12], author has proposed a summarization technique for any meeting content by skimming the video with the aspect of user-determine length. In 12, the method of any meeting processing is illustrated. The files of audio have been sent to the detection of speech and the brows meeting by the program recorder that includes the identify speaker module. Then, the displayed result has sent by three modules with their data from the brows of meeting front end and the three modules are summarization, emotion and discourse. Finally, the archive of the meeting has accessed. In [13], the method that has been used in this paper is an automatic method that can create video skimming for different types of video such as presentation video which is kind of similar to meeting recording video. The illustrated of this method process is shown in 13. There are two steps that create a summarization process. The first step is dividing the video into segments, then some features such as visual, audio, and textual are putting together from the extraction of stream video to assign the scores by using segments. The second step is to collect the segments and then the summary will be created. In [14], instead of playing the content faster, authors created techniques that can save the time by deleting parts of the content. As a result, the summary of this technique can be away shorter than others techniques. In [15], in this paper, authors found out that the analysis of the audio that came together with the analysis of visual is a way better than the skims that comes when they combined the analysis of the audio and uniform sampling. This result came out after authors compared the skimming of a video in three different techniques. The first one is the analysis of the audio according to the amplitude of audio and the analysis of the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF). The second technique is the analysis of the audio which comes together with the analysis of the image according to face detection, text detection, and camera motion. The last technique is video sequences based on uniform sampling. In 14, the illustration of video skim process is shown. 4. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES USED FOR SPORTS VIDEO. In [17], sports videos have been increasing recently and by video summarization process, people can control this increasing. There are many researchers have been proposed many techniques to compress sports video by applying video summarization process. In [17], authors have proposed a technique that can suit all different kind of users and applications and they called this technique complete sports videos summarization. In 15, the illustration of the hierarchy of sports video based on plays, breaks, and highlights. The framework of this technique is a combination of plays, breaks, collection of highlights and highlights as it is shown in 15. The definition of each part of the framework is as follow: 1) Play is a collection of shots where the play does not stop. 2) Break is also a collection of shots but play does not run. 3) Collection of highlights is a group of highlights. 4) Highlight is a collection of shots but they represent events. In [17], play-break sequence model is shown in 16 which is considered as a fix model for any sports. In [17], authors described the summarization technique of sports video with a method that can integrate highlights into play-breaks. So, in order to achieve that, we need to know which highlight integrates to whether play or break. For example, in soccer game, if there is a foul then the play will stop and then there will be an old highlight playing during the foul and before the play resumes. In 17, the illustration of the integration in soccer game of highlight into play-break is shown. However, this model is easy to be modified for any other sport so it is not only suitable for soccer. In [17], there are three different detection models. The first one is play-break detection and in this detection the camera views classification can be used to detect the play-break transitions. The second model is highlights detection and in this model the detection of highlights is based on the slow-motion replay scenes. The advantage of this way is that slow-motion replay is used to represent any interesting scene. However, the disadvantage of this way is that sometimes there will be no slow-motion replay for some reason after interesting scenes. As a result, we will miss that event and some interesting events will be ignored. Finally, the last model is text detection. During any sport, there will be after any interesting events a text displayed on the screen so this model is specialize to detect this text. For most sports videos, the text that displayed will be in a horizontal way. So authors used this idea to detect the text displayed. However, if the text is not displayed in a horizontal way, then their technique will not work. In [18], a content-based video summarization technique for large archives in video sports has been proposed by the authors. Also, authors used metadata which is the content, quality, condition, and semantic information that have been explained by the data. In 18, the metadata composition has been illustrated. There are five different parts of information for each scene unit type, classification, players, events, and the time of media. In [18], authors have proposed a technique that makes a summary by using metadata which is based on play scenes ranking. This method has two main parts. The first part is the selection of play scene which is consists of two sections, play scenes significance and the highlights selection. Play scenes significance based on three components, the ranks play, the occurrence time of play, and the replays number. The second section is highlights selection where authors explained the creation of a video summary according to the play scenes significance. The se cond part of that method is visualization. There are two types of visualization. First, video clip where the user can select the length of the video summary based on the time that user want. Two methods are proposed by the authors to choose the significance play scenes, greedy method and play-cut method. The second part of visualization is the poster of the video where authors proposed a system that is visually spatial and presents keyframes of the image. Each image keyframes can symbolize a scene in the summary. Authors illustrate their system interface in 19. In 19.a, in each row there are important scenes represented by keyframes. In 19.b, in each row symbolize an inning of the game. In 19.c, at-bats are symbolized in each row. In 19.d, plays are represented in each row. In [19], extracting highlights method has been proposed by the author for a sport TV broadcast. The approach of domain specific and generic for this method has been illustrated in 20. Author models the excitement according to his approach in [20] where he model the effect of three low level characteristics on the excitement for the users. The first characteristic is the overall motion activity measured at frame transition [20]. The second characteristic is the density of cuts [20]. And the last characteristic is the energy contained in the audio track of a video [20]. The time curves of the three characteristics on the excitement are shown in 21. In [21], authors have proposed sports video technique where they can combine highlights and play break scenes. Researchers have identified that each type of sports have a typical and predictable temporal structure, recurrent events, consistent features and fixed number of views [22]. In [21], authors said that to create highlights there is one approach is to optimize the visual characteristics based on their use. For example, in [23], authors generated the highlights for a soccer game according to penalty, midfield, in between midfield, corner kick, and shot at goal. On the other hand, in [24], authors generated the highlights of a basketball game according to left- right- fast-break, dunk, and close up shots. In [21], on one hand it is very efficient to summarize the sports video without the breaks scenes because spectators will focus only in the important events. On the other hand, the break scenes sometimes contain some really important events that it will not be displayed in the highlights that do not include break scenes. For instance, during any free kick, teams are trying to put a plan to manage their teams whether they are offensive or defensive. Also, sometimes the most important scenes occur between play scenes and break scenes. In 22, the framework of sports video summarization is illustrated. There are three types of detection that authors proposed, whistle detection, excitement detection, and text displayed detection. In [21], tracking the voice during any sport game is kind of difficult especially when there are noises form human and background. Nevertheless, authors have found that whistle sound is very different than any other sounds and it is very unique. In 23, the whistle spectrogram is shown where authors found out the difference in sound according to HZ. According to the whistle sound, authors have indicated three different situations that the referee will use his whistle during soccer match as follow: 1. The start of the match, the end of the match, and the playing period. 2. When referee stops the playing. 3. When referee resumes the playing. In [25], authors found out that the whistle sound that comes from the referee during the game has a very high frequency and strong spectrum that people can distinct from any other sounds. Also, they found out the range of the whistle sound where it is between the ranges of 3500-4500. In [21], the second type of detection is excitement detection where authors indicated eight candidates that represent the excitement in any games as follow: 1. The loudness of the crowd and the commentator. 2. When the commentator has a high pitch rate. 3. When the commentator has less pauses which means he becomes more talkative. The framework of the excitement detection is illustrated in 24. We can see that in The last type of detection is text display detection where authors proposed a technique in order to achieve the requirement. In [26], authors used the gradient of color image to calculate the complex-values from edge orientation image which is defined to map all edge orientation between 0 and 90 degree and thus distinguishing horizontal, diagonal and vertical lines. Also in [27], authors localized character regions by extracting strong still edges and pixels with a stable intensity for two seconds. However, in [21], authors proposed that according to the method which works with 99% of different cases, the horizontal text is the only one that has been used among all different type of sport. In 25, the illustration of using a horizontal text is shown. The team players names is displayed in 25.a and the score line for the match is displayed in 25.b. Also, In 25.c, the players substitution name is shown. T he static text is displayed of the whole game is shown in 25.c. In [21], authors proposed prediction method for the text to be displayed in the video and it is illustrated in 26. However, it is not the only possibility for the text to be displayed, there are more events that cannot be detected. In [28], authors have presented a framework for a sport video summarization based on text semantic annotation. A lot of video summarization techniques that are based on sports video have been questioned [29, 30]. In other words, these kinds of techniques are depending on low level characteristics. But semantic level events were generally inferred if special sequences of production level events occur [31]. In [28], authors have indicated three distinguish key characteristics to support their framework as follow: 1. The framework is not fixed for one type of sport and it can be modified to suit other sport. 2. Analysing the text does not ensure text webcasts which is well built. 3. According to the time and the score, events can have different importance. In [32], authors have proposed a technique for sports video summarization based on audio pitch, and energy in order to recognize the excitement of the games. However, in [28], authors presented a framework that can detect events according to play-by-play text webcasts and logic-based technique. There are five models that are connected to the center of this framework system architecture as shown in 27. The first model of this framework is the Graphical User Interface which makes it easy for the user to connect with the centre. The second model is web parser which is in control for analysing HTML and creates plain text, and then it sends it to the third model. The third model is text analyzer which is responsible to detect the semantic events form the plain text as shown in 28. The fourth model is video processing which takes the data whether it is video or audio and retrieves their keyframes. The last model is logic engine which is responsible to choose the important events and put th em in list to be ready for summarize. In [33], author proposed a system in which can detect the event and the text from the HTML parser as shown in 29. 5. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES USED FOR SURVEILLANCE VIDOES. In [34], there are two reasons for people to use video surveillance. The first reason is that it serves to detect events online and alive. The second reason is that people can use it offline and can analysis the video and retrieve any data they want. So for people to go through the entire video is kind of boring and waste of the time. For example, if there is a crime happens then the operator needs to spend too much time viewing the entire video to get all the important scenes. As a result, authors proposed a summarization technique for surveillance videos. This technique is based on skimming the video and they call it adaptive video skimming. The scheme of this adaptive summarization is illustrated in 30. The general structure of this adaptive summarization scheme is illustrated in [34], optical flow estimation is a very important factor that contributes in the adaptive summarization technique. Among consecutive video frames, optical flow estimation in the same pattern calculates t he dislocations of pixels [35, 36]. In [37], authors have proposed a technique for video surveillance that is based on recognition and clustering method in order to create static and dynamic summary. This technique is different than the one proposed in [34] because this technique tries to gather between video skimming and the keyframes that arranged in a cluster in order to achieve faster browsing of the entire video. In [38], there are two different styles for video surveillance summarization technique that have been explained. The first style is doing a summarization services over home network. The second style is doing a summarization services over the internet. In [39], authors have proposed a technique for surveillance video summarization that is based on viewing optimization time, skip framing, and bit rate limitation. In [37], authors developed their algorithm according to a still surveillance video camera that is fixed in one point and never moves. Also, the detection of event has three steps where we can combine them to two main stages. The first stage is that for each frame, the frame different and its energy are measured. The second stage is that the reference frame is refreshed after showing the frames event is found. Also, the three steps for the algorithms are as follow: 1- Difference frame calculation. 2- The energy of the difference frame calculation. 3- Frames selecting based on threshold. in 32, the deference estimation for frame energy is illustrated. In [37], the overview process of event detection and summarization is illustrated in 33. The first row of this (I) is representing a set of frames of the video before the summarization. The second row (II) is representing the interesting events that come from (I) after the analysis. The third row (III) is representing a set of frames in a different set of events. The fourth row (IV) is representing the clusters of keyframes. The last row (V) is representing the final summary after the clustering. In [40], authors have proposed a technique called OVISS (Omnidirectional Video Visualization and Summarization) where it visualizes the contents of video surveillance and creating a summary. There are three features for this proposed system. The first one, video and audio can be analyzed together to detect events. The second feature, the index of temporal-spatio based on event. The third feature, by realizing the temporal and spatial relations with event, it makes the visualization for at-a-glance very easy. The last feature, video summarization is not limited to one area or one event. The OVISS system can be divided to many processing models as follow: 1. Sensing. 2. The analysis of the video. 3. The transformation of an image. 4. The models of visualization and summarization. In 34, we can see the real environment that authors deal with. There are four doors to enter and exit. Also, the OVS signal in the center of the room and there are four areas in this room and they have the same size. In 35, the connection between these four areas according to omnidirectional is illustrated. In [40], there are four types of events, such as, In, move, stay, and out and the explanation for them is as follow: 1- In is representing the time of the object when it show up till the time it closes the door. 2- Move is representing the time of the object when it is moving in the area. 3- Stay is representing the time of the object when it is staying at the same place. 4- Out is representing the time of the object when it is opens the door till the time it gone. In 36, we can see the diagram of the event transition. Also, we can see that authors have added new type of event but actually it is only the initial state before even the event started in the area. In [40], the interface of OVISS is illustrated in 37. We can see the time line and the map of spatial in the top. Also, the sequence of the image is displayed down the system interface. 6. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES USED FOR VIDEO-TAPED PRESENTATIONS. Videos have been increased recently whether at home such as personal video or work and such as meeting and presentation. As a result, researchers are trying to find some techniques that allowed them to summarize these kinds of videos. In section 4, meeting summarization techniques is already described but now we need to talk about summarizing the meeting videos. In [41], there are two types of analyzing the structure and the content of the video. Detection the keyframes and scene breaks are considering the major focus that attracted researchers [42, 43, 44]. In [41], authors proposed a method to summarize the video-taped presentation to constrict the video sequences and the place that they are planning to do their experiments. They want to focus the camera in one location. The camera maybe zooms in or out it depends in the situation. In 38, the sample of web-based interface for video browsing is illustrated [45]. The one that does not have any related semantic explanation is called Nuisance change as it illustrated in 39. For example, when the presenter tries to move one of the slides by using his/her hands or his/her body. However, in [41], authors do not want to include Nuisance changes to their technique or the analysis. The other type does have seman